Relationships controlled assessment Essay Example for Free

Relationships controlled assessment EssayOn the other hand, Slims relationship with Crooks exhibits a government issue of crucial aspects such as the situation that he roles Crooks name when mentioning or conversing with him sure, Crooks. This indicates that Slim, unlike the rest of the banquet men, possesses morals which prevent him from abusing Crooks in the same manner as them. This is due(p) to the merciful and benevolent role which Slim is reputable for in the ranch. Steinbeck displays Crooks attitude towards Slim as respectful merely servile due to the stately way in which Crooks addresses him Mr Slim. How ever, Crooks formal manner towards Slim can as well be viewed as a protective mechanism because he k directs exactly where he stands in the white society, therefore, he is formal in order to live up to the expectations of the relationships amidst cutting and white people, and to protect himself from their wrath. Furthermore, through with(predicate) the use of That wont do them no good, Steinbeck contextualises Crooks as wise and intelligent, and conjures the theme of a silent protest as Crooks does not verbalise his direct opinion of you are wrong and I know more than you because he completely accepts his status within the ranch.Adverbs such as quietly are used in citation to the way Crooks entered the bunkhouse to emphasise that Crooks understands that he is inferior to white people, so he must(prenominal) maintain his standoffishness from them despite the item that he longs for their companionship and friendship due to his intense loneliness. This is emphasised further by put his head in which displays the concrete barrier separating black and white people, and the fact that Crooks comprehends that he must not cross this barrier in order to prevent his life from being snatched away from him.Moreover, Crooks eye are patient, revealing that patience is a regime for him within the ranch and he has grown alter to it. The relationship between Crooks and Lennie is by far the most captivating of completely relationships. It is quite different to the relationships between Crooks and the other characters due to a range of distinct reasons the main reason stemming from Lennie and his innocent mind.Steinbeck deliberately uses Lennie as the first white man to speak to Crooks and enter his room, with the intention of high blithesomeing the possibilities of unity between black and white people, as Lennie is incapable of developing prejudiced views about people. He cannot judge them by the twine of their skin or by their status due to his stunted mind he simply find outs them as human beings. This accumulates the idea that racism and discrimination is instilled within people, they are not born to hate.In addition, repeating of light symbolises anticipate and a nerve tract to freedom for Crooks, and Lennie himself represents a key to unlock the door of accept and freedom within Crooks being. light also represents ex cellence, and due to Lennies pure and innocent nature, he is drawn to this light like a magnet which pulls towards it what it is attracted to and sees friendship with another man at the end of that light. Furthermore, Steinbeck creates pathos and beneficence towards Crooks when he repeats i have a right because it emphasises the real few precious rights Crooks has and his struggle to bewilder onto each and every one of them dearly.In addition, pathos is created with Crooks confession as we realise that Crooks had lived the Dream before, but it was taken away from him due to the taboo of racism and the fear of his rights taken away from him similarly to his ideate. In addition, Crooks constantly refers to his rights because his pride gets in his way, he cant go into the bunkhouse so why should he let in white men to enter his property whenever they wish? Crooks and Candys relationship conveys that racism exists even amongst the mere outsiders themselves, in this case the older g eneration (Candy).Upon arrival at Crooks door, Candy deliberately doesnt enter as he is aware of the taboo which this could cause. He is cautious of the fact that mingling with a black man would be deeply frowned upon by the white society which refrains him from entering straight away like lennie he cod no attempt to enter despite the fact that he wants some company, even if its from a nigger. This denotes the leg of loneliness which is experienced by predominantly all of the ranch men. Candy asks Crooks if hes seen Lennie and Crooks casually replies ya mean the large-minded guy? which reiterates the bitter truth of the fact that under other circumstances they would be very rigorous friends as they both have a great deal in common, such as the fact that they both dont fit into the society comfortably. furthermore, Candy looks into the room blindly as he is unable to see the hope and purity as clearly as lennie. Also due to racism, foul treatment towards crooks, and the fact that he sides with the oppressors rather than the oppressed, Candys heart has formed a sinful barrier which obscures his vision from viewing the elements of purity protruding from Crooks room.Eventually, Candy is invited into Crooks room and he walks in embarrassed in contrast to the way Lennie entered which indicates that he is well aware the taboo, yet he somehow finds it shameful that he hasnt spoken against it for all these old age and now he is being invited into Crooks room by Crooks himself. Candy takes it upon himself to develop his relationship with Crooks by introducing the ambitiousness to him, this makes Crooks hopeful especially when money is mentioned you say you got the money? and for a split second, Crooks sees a chance of a better future for himself if you guys would want a hand he seizes the chance to probe them further into allow him participate in their dream, however Steinbeck uses ellipses to generate the idea that Crooks is an intelligent man and he is still m istrustful of his place in the white society, so he is careful with his words and with the level of trust that he shows towards Candy.Alternatively, a sharp candor check is created upon the entrance of Curleys wife and George into Crooks room. Steinbeck brings in Curleys wife unspoiled when Crooks is number one to turn over a new leaf with white people to lure him back to reality and erase any glimmer of hope which he may have experienced about ever reaching the same level as white people. Her sudden entrance and elimination of hope through one short yet sharp statement any of you boys seen curley? creates a sense of pathos for Crooks as he only had hope for a few seconds, yet she managed to steal even that from him just as quickly depicting her dominance and control over him as a white woman and also how unpredictable life can be. She also stand still in the doorway meaning she blocks his pathway to escaping the torture he endures, and she blocks out his hopes and dreams.Further more, Crooks switches to attacking her with his standard defence mode you got no right when she becomes passing insulting, however when she snaps back with you know what i can do to you if you open your trap he stares hopelessly at her indicating that for a split second, he believed that he may have gained control over her. in addition, Crooks drew into himself and returned to his usual servile manner yes maam as a way of confirming that he now knows where he stands in the white society and he knows that in order to survive, he must make himself invisible in order to stay out of troubles way.Similarly, George stands framed in the doorway- he, as the leader of this dream permanently blocks the significant doorway as a way of concluding that Crooks can never be part of them, except that Crooks withdraws before he is refrained from joining due to his pride which prevents him from being downgraded well just forget it. Moreover, Steinbeck refers to the door again Crooks looked at the d oor symbolising that just as lennie had brought hope into his life, that hope had been robbed from him when Lennie departed, leaving Crooks to resume his life as usual, as if nothing had happened.to conclude, Steinbeck presents and develops the relationships between Crooks and other characters as very complex and each of them explores a different theme. however, the theme of racism is present within nearly all of the relationships apart from with lennie. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written assemble of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE John Steinbeck section.

Electrolux Case Summary Essay Example for Free

Electrolux Case analysis EssayAs the largest domestic returns manufacturer in the world, Electrolux has about 70000 employees all around the world in about 150 countries, making 14 billion euros in sales in 2005. However, an acquisition eccentric person from its main competitor, Whirlpool, is challenging the ? rst place of Electrolux, at the time Electrolux has just decided to divest its outdoor division. A huge decrease in sales in the following years is expected. Starting from 1920s, Electrolux has been famous for its expertness in industrial design on products such as vacuum cleaner and refrigeration. The products quickly got customary not only in its home country in Sweden, but in other western sandwich countries such as Germany, France, USA and UK, due to the homogeneous culture of these countries. A major growth in demand after World War II contributed a lot to its growth. With a large gist of accumulated cash of the past decades, Electrolux decided to expand quickly t hrough a number of acquisitions for to a greater extent mart share and diversi? cation.In late 20th century, Electrolux discovered new markets in developing countries when the market in western countries was already very mature and was even showing a sign of red down. It also went through a phase of restructuring the segmentations of products as well as abandoned some slight important activities. Up until 2006, the company has addressed its new strategies mainly on functional level to play to the challenges. To maximize the pro? t, the production would be outsourced to developing countries with lower labor costs. More ef? ient logistics has made the globalisation more feasible and cost-saving. On the product market level, due to the market polarization, a more distinguishing product segmentation would be applied.While keeping the basic low-price products, Electrolux is launching a series of products with higher(prenominal)er prices to encounter the high-end market. On the othe r hand, 2% of sales would be put in RD to keep a high rate of new products launches. The supply chain management has always been vital when it comes to consumer goods industry. When Electrolux is outsourcing more of the productions, it is also hifting the strategy of distribution channels. Instead of traditional dealers, big chains with large volume and high geographical coverage are brought up front because of lower serving cost. Above all these, the company keeps making efforts on brand-building by investing at least 2% of the sales every year. With more products are sell under Electroluxs name, the company is also improving its brand image by stressing more on their culture through internal and external relations among employees, suppliers and retailers, etc.

The West, Middle East And Orientalism Essay Example for Free

The westward, eye eastern And Orientalism EssayThe sum East has become a focal point in the last fifty years beca intent of concerns regarding the regions role in economics, international security and politics. There is urgency in spliting peacefulness and development for the region its position in the worlds oil markets and its role as gateway between Europe and Asia argon critical reasons for the interest. There has been an exhaustive amount of literature aiming to analyze and develop solutions for the region developing a consensus to what has to be done has proven to be difficult and even if accomplished, death penalty has been problematic. One point of suggests that the difficulty in the region stems from pagan reasons. Orientalists contend that the polish of the people in the Middle East which is predominantly Islamic is one of the reasons for the developing conflicts. The purpose of this paper is to survey animated views on this perspective and to assess the va lidity of the arguments presented. In doing so, the paper will be able to adjust how purification affects the peace, order and development in the Middle East based on historical and authentic studies of the region.Perspectives of Orientalism The term orientalism was coined to delineate the geographical divide between the Europe and the Americas with Asia. This reflects the more than than late use of the double-u to refer to the occident and east to refer to the orient particularly during the colonial expansion in the twentieth century. Though the term was originally essential as a geographical term, the more significant occupation is in its use to imply a cultural divide that in turn is the core of conflicts held against the tungsten.In Coles review of Bernard Lewis What Went Wrong Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response, he cites that Lewis uses orientalism to characterize and develop his insights regarding the Middle Easts situation . Lewis uses the west as a well-wo rn to define what is wrong with the policies in the region. The approach is non just used to assess the legitimate subject of affairs in the region just now reaches back historically with the study of the Ottoman Empire versus commutation and Western Europe.According to Ismael Hossein-Zadeh, orientalist perspectives have had resurgence after the September 11th attacks. He considers that development an drift to understand the reasons behind the tragedy and at the same time an effort to develop the protagonists and antagonists of what was to be the struggle against terrorism. In this light, the Middle East and Afghanistan were modeled according to their remainder with the Allies and the most distinct difference creation the culture of the region .Stefan Lovgren reflects that this view of the Middle East is steeped and tale as evidenced as far back by the Crusades . Ideologically, there are significant similarities in the middle ages, the focus was to throw in the region from the domination of Arabs of Christendoms birthplace and today, the objective to liberate the region from the supporters of terrorism. Evaluating Orientalism In Edward W. Saids review of Samuel Huntingtons denomination The Clash of Civilizations he criticizes the War of the Worlds scenario presentation of the cultural and religious conflicts .Huntingtons approach is distinctively orientalist because of his use of cultural or civilizations to illustrate his theories. Saids view is that Huntington is altogether reinforcing defensive self-pride than for critical understanding of the bewildering interdependence of our time . One of the key difficulties in orientalism is that there seems to be besides much focus on superficial differences. This is non to imply that cultural differences have to be considered nevertheless rather, there is little historical perspective given to the economic, political and strategic factors.For example, Nanda Shrestha and Kenneth Gray reflect that the s tream conflicts between the West and the Middle East and all separate conflict in recent history belie a two hundred years of good relations in terms . development an orientalist approach, one culture or group is evaluated based on what is considered a more superior culture. In such a scenario, one group ultimately is considered to be superior to a nonher thus its use as a standard.This then leads to conflict because either of the perception that a culture is being judged as inferior or because of the action on enforcing judgment or the will of the superior nation to the other in what is seen as in consideration of the interest of the other. It should be noted that this is not the motive of orientalism but is often used as the justification of extraterritorial action not just in the Middle East but the rest of the world as well. Conflict and OrientalismCole points out that one of the difficulties in orientalism is that it tends to lumps together issues and then gives it a cultura l or ethnic label that rarely represents all the individuals elusive in the issue. According to him, when the terms Middle East is used the connotation is of Islamic insurgency which does not represent the majority of the countries in the region in either religion or sentiment . Bernard Lewis considers the current points out that this has lead for Moslems to fell that they are being persecuted and has led to resentment and mistrust of the west, particularly the join States .The cycle then continues on with Middle Eastern leaning towards orientalist views in dealing with other countries. Which, to be expected only further encourages conflict and misunderstanding among the parties involved. In Shrestha and Grays evaluation of Huntingtons article clash of civilization theory is that it should be considered as an ideological work underpinning a neoconservative order of business for a global American Empire than a work of scholarship or accurate government agency of historical accre ditedity .Evaluating the Conflicts Lewis suggests that the evaluation of the conflicts should not focus so much on the disparities suggested by orientalist but rather on the competition because of common interests in terms of economy, politics and security . His view is support by Lovgren whose study of the city of Jerusalem, one of the most contested cities in history and a infract microcosm of the region, reflect that history has shown that various cultures and civilization have co-existed well enough.He cites that most conflict has certain from territorial, economic and political disputes rather than from cultural differences . Furthermore, Kunihiko Imai that there has been greater tension not only in the Middle East but in the world as a whole because of greater moving-picture show and interdependence among nations . Common stakes and conflicting interests are considered as one of the main causes of conflict. The discrepancies between the developed and lesser developed countr ies is creating tension and brings to the surface questions regarding the fairness of todays global economics and politics .At the same time, J. J. Nance points out that there is also realization that issues like terrorism are global issues that have gained the attention of the international community that may not necessarily be in the interest of some countrys sovereignty . Nance uses as an example the aviation intentness which has been among the hardest hit after the September 11th attacks the aviation industry is typically one the highest grossing industries of any country, generating billions of dollars in tax revenue.Educator Henry A.Giroux also points out that the conflicts that develop can also be attributed to the privation of cultural literacy which is the development of context and understanding of other cultures which has created politics of difference that gives little margin for real communication . Hossein-Zadeh supports this view he believes that there has been litt le effort in addressing the root of the conflicts and religion and culture are used as a convenient scapegoat for the conflicts . There is no denying the impact of culture and civilization. It affects all aspects of society, creating the dimensions and forces that shape individuals .Orientalists perspectives have merit in that societies have their own motivations and capacities that either allows them to become more developed than another. However, considering communication and technology today which has created unprecedented channels for global interaction the distinction of what the West and Middle East encompasses is becoming blurred. As much as one would want to consider the Middle East as a far off and alien region to the West, the irony is that most recent leaders of the region have been educated in the West .Conclusion It is easy, if not convenient, to use cultural or regional characterizations to explain conflicts but this provides little option for the creation of satisfact ory solutions. The real albeit more difficult issues to deal is whether there is fairness in economic policies whether there is basis of foreign legions presence whether there is religious, racial and social discrimination whether there tolerance for differences and whether issues are not being misconstrued because of differences in perspective or objectives.There is little consideration of the underlying issues that was created the existing status quo and leaves as well much to speculation and assumption. Therefore, any attempt to tackle with the issues in the Middle East must not be limited to this perspective and if used, should not consider it as indicative for the region. In conclusion, issues can not be fully assessed and solution can not be fully developed from orientalist perspectives alone. These perspectives consider only a snapshot of the issues that have to be dealt with.Referencehttp//www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/533230/postshttp//news.nationalgeographic.com/news/ 2004/10/1028_041028_jerusalem_conflict.html

Perfect competition V. Monopolies Essay Example for Free

Perfect competition V. Monopolies EssayIn the American Economy, business is dominationled by the government and the consumer. When a person is the owner of a business that is merely in its product that it provides for the consumer, it is said to be a monopoly. As a monopoly you work sole control over price. Monopolies are regulated by the government in order to prevent the misuse of federal agency that a monopoly has. If a person can only get turkey, for example from one shop class. Then the store can charge a lot more(prenominal) for that turkey than it could if the store next door was selling it too because then there would be competition. Also, the store would not have to produce a soften quality of turkey because there would be no reason for it to do so. In this situation the consumer is interpreted unfair advantage of by the business owner, in this case the store. Government regulates monopolies to promote a arrant(a) competition prudence and to get rid of the turk ey situation discussed above. The benefits of a perfect competition frugality benefit consumers. For example, if we go back to the store, in a perfect competition economy all of the stores have turkey.Now the stores want to make sure that the turkey that they sell is the best turkey and cost the least. In this situation they are competing for the consumers business. However, business owners of a monopoly situation disagree with the government. When there is a business that has the authority to become a monopoly the government watches it very closely and the business has to go through the government for mergers and such. The more the business becomes a monopoly, the more the government says no to the businesss requests.For example, there is Microsoft. The government has been working to keep Microsoft from existence the big business that it is today. So, in conclusion, a perfect competition economy makes benefits for the consumer. Likewise, a noncompetitive economy makes benefits for the business owner. On the flip side, a perfect competition shows drawbacks for the business owner and a monopolistic economy shows drawbacks for the consumer. The best way to run an economy is to have a balance between the dickens options. Americas economy does this.

Opposition to The New Deal Essay Example for Free

Opposition to The radical transmit EssayThe smart Deal, its many Administrations and their policies were qualification major changes to American Industry and society. As a go forth of this, some people were quite unhappy and attempted to stall The New Deal.As time went on, FDRs gained much than and more power oer the reformation of the American economy and businesses. People feared the amount of power FDR had and started mocking his intent. What really caused people to question Franklin D. Roosevelt was his attempt to fix the Supreme Court. As the nine judges making up the court were mainly old and conservative, FDR believed they were too opinionated and too eager use their billet without considering the consequences. Therefore he decided it wise to request he ap leg up to six new, broad-minded judges. Some people saw this as FRD attempting to tamper with the constitution in order to give himself more power, and it scared them. It was mainly because of this reason that FDRs request was turned down, but the judges certainly seemed to have got the detail and from then on were a lot more careful.Republicans certainly disliked The New Deal and show it dangerous. Leading Republican, Frank Knox, summed up Republican views on The New Deal by saying The New Deal candidate has been leading us toward Moscow. By this he meant that with Roosevelts increasing powers and his guidance and control over industry it seemed that he was slowly but surely verging towards communism. They also disliked Roosevelts industrial laws because they took power of the owners and benefited the workers with policies much(prenominal) as trade unions and social security.Some extreme adversary came from a self-educated man with a degree in law after only 8 months he was a shameless politician with no morals and he fought dirty. In order to get where he was he had fixed ballots by placing his own men at available posts in the state government, he had used blackmail and bribery to get votes. Sometimes opponents were as much as kidnapped on Longs orders. Huey Long became US senate in 1930 and claimed that if he were to become president he would adopt the policy of confiscating any personal fortunes of over 3 one million million million U.S dollars and giving $5000 to each and every less wealthy family. Long did not at any point explain how he would do this, but the idea of much needed money being inclined to them for nothing was jumped at by the poorer families, and Long gained a lot of support. Fortunately for FDR, Longs career ended referable to assassination before he was able to challenge him.So with certain aspects of luck, and a well-conducted New Deal, FRD managed to rescue America from its depression without any great hitches. There were careless flaws such as the sound Roosevelt made trying to fix the SC without considering the consequences, but in the end all went to plan and opposition was only opposition, and not a threat to the New Deal.

Communication Challenges in Global Virtual Teams Essay Example for Free

Communication Ch all toldenges in Global Virtual Teams EssayCommunication Challenges in create Successful Global Virtual Teams Due to Diversity and Cultural Differences Abstract This reputation introduces an approach to efficaciously communicate deep down a global practical(prenominal) police squad by discussing the con melt downs fountd by them, consciousness ethnic differences in conference, diversity within a group up, construct faith in practical(prenominal) discourse, and communicating across variant regions and metre z angiotensin-converting enzymes. This approach appears in many a(prenominal) discussions surrounding the difficulties double-deckers and aggroup members control in communicating effectively in global practical(prenominal) teams.Specifically, this paper evaluates how the diversity of a global practical(prenominal) team grants it challenging to communicate when members are non present face to face and adhering to the different regions and beat z mavins these members are located. It get out overly examine the challenges in understanding the different cultures amongst a team and how to effectively build trust by researching, acknowledging, and understanding these ethnical differences and communicating them to the team in a realistic environment.Communicating Challenges in Building Successful Global Virtual Teams Due to Diversity and Cultural Differences In todays economy, many organizations must expand their operations globally in prescribe to stay put competitive and to stay afloat. With this business model companies suck in to climb up teams across all functions of the organization and in all regions of the nut in which the company go bads. For these companies, many bring in set up global virtual teams to manage processes and implement any projects or company initiatives with otherwise employees of the organization.However with these teams come many obstacles and challenges definitely in communic ating across pagan differences, understanding the diversity of the team and intercourse management within the different regions and time zones. Various authors (Danielle, 2006 Kayworth, 2000 Lee-Kelley, 2008 to name a few) have noned that these groups being of dot members across the globe and accumulated from various cultural backgrounds have an impact on how effective global virtual teams bathroom be.Kayworth determines that in that location are four main challenges that global virtual teams face which are communication, culture, technology, and project management. This paper ob behaves the difficulties that virtual teams face within their communication efforts, analyzing the diversity of team members and the obstacles of communicating across different regions and generation zones.As well as it takes an extensive look at the cultural differences that consists of these virtual teams and the challenge of grammatical construction trust amongst a dispersed group. And in magni tude for a global virtual team to operate effectively, managers and the members must research the different cultural backgrounds of its members, understand the communication challenges they face, and utilize them accordingly in order to build trust amongst the team to fulfill their goals that they place ahead of them. Defining Global Virtual Teamsthither are many authors that have provided definitions of global virtual teams, Lee-Kelley (2008) mentions that Towsend along with Lipnack and Stamps define a virtual team as a group that is geographically dispersed and utilize telecommunication and in ricochetation technology as forms to communicate and perform. Lee-Kelley also refers to Alge, Balosky, Christensen, and Davis definition that virtual teams are typically a group that are dispersed who use various sources of information technology to communicate.In the case of these definitions, there is a neediness of tenseness on the concept of team, but further definitions tie in this con cept and place more(prenominal) look on on the aspect of team. Cascios and Shurygailos mentioning of multiple-relationships in global virtual teams, by referring to the number of managers involved, number of team members, and number of locations. Many researchers in this field do not lineament a specified distance in which team members must be apart to classify as virtual team, but as Lee-Kelley stated it is a psychological reality versus sociological that team members conceptually define themselves in a virtual team.In sum, there are many definitions that agree on the twist, form and characteristics of a virtual team and the members it consist of, but there is a lack of consensus amongst them. This lack of consensus on the definition of a global virtual team has also brought up the discussions of the challenges in communication that these virtual teams face, thus prompting this research. Time Zones and Work Schedules One of the initial challenges of global virtual teams is the obscure puddle schedules of its team members in their respective regions.Settle-Murphy (2006) notes when browseing in a synchronous mode (Instant Message, telephone, moving picture conference), some remote team members are forced to prevail at awkward times. This alone is one the most consistent challenges that managers and teams have to overcome. When is the optimal time for virtual teams that span across various time zones to meet? A manager and its team have to take in consideration the different work weeks as well as the time difference.Consistently in many western civilizations, the standard work week is predominately Monday through Friday, utilizing Saturday and Sunday as business days off in order to black market to personal social occasions and observance of the religious day that is most affluent in that region and culture. Where in many eastern civilizations the work week is Sunday through Thursday, and they utilize Friday and Saturday as their days off. This differ ence is not only restricted to western/eastern civilization, but ultimately app reposes to the different cultures that make up the team, the different religions, and time of year.Being cognitive of this challenge and addressing it in an applicable manner is crucial to the effectiveness of a global virtual team. It is an evident obstacle in scheduling team meetings via information technology applications (i. e. teleconferencing, video-conferencing, etc). This is one challenge that bear easily be addressed by the managers and teams awake(predicate)ness of these work week schedule differences along with the cultural and religious difference of its team members. another(prenominal) issue that global virtual teams encounter is conducting meetings across the various time zones of its members.There is no take in corporate standard or guidelines on how and when meetings should be conducted in order to accommodate all members of the virtual team. Settle-Murphy states that in order to redu ce this challenge as an obstacle to structure trust and team success, a team should agree when same time meetings are necessary, and consider rotating the times to share the burden of workings during normal sleep time. The managers and team members should also consider which work lowlife be done asynchronously (e. g. via telecommunicate or a shared workplace) to allow all team members to work at the most well-provided times.This approach burn be highly effective because it is apparent that the manager and other team members have taken into consideration apiece others differences of location, culture, and business practices, and simultaneously addressing the challenge of building trust. By researching, understanding, and being respectful of the team members and their time, the coherency of the group is make believeed quickly and strengthened, which is also a challenge to overcome in global virtual teams. Communication and Behavioral DifferencesIn the article Working unneuro tic Apart, Zakaria, Almelinckx, and Wilemon (2004) state that, managers have often under- honord the profound influence of culture on friendship conceptualization and transfer. Suggesting that knowledge sharing is often facilitated by communication that involves the exchange of pith and that the process of communicating is dynamic, multifaceted and complex (p. 17). Zakaria et al. , also suggest that cultural conditioning has a major(ip) affect on the evaluation of receive as well as how information and knowledge in global virtual teams is conveyed and learned.In short, cultural influences play a major role in communication and behavioral differences. This concept is another major challenge that global virtual teams face when striving to reach their end goal. Conveying a open message is only one challenge, the difficult part is conveying that message so that it reaches each idiosyncratic affectively according to their unique cultural and behavioral background and how to convey or ganizational messages across global virtual teams has consensually been done through technology.Global virtual teams that use information and communication technologies and exclude social or physical presence and rely on depersonalized forms of communications mingled with its team members (Zakaria et al. ,2007). One can struggle that this hinders the creation of a knowledge-sharing culture, yet over time, the exclusion of social and physical presence can mayhap strengthen working relationships that normally would not form in a more traditional work background knowledge. Utilizing technology as the form of communication takes out a lot of subtle communication aspects that are experienced when working within a team in a more traditional framework.An font of this is the use of non-verbal communication or cues. The absence of non-verbal communication may cause difficulties for those global virtual team members cultures that rely on body language, gestures and facial expressions for vital communication. For example, in high- consideration cultures, people value these subtle and confirmative communications. Visual communication same a nod, smile, posture, voice and eye contact provide important indications and meanings to establish understanding of what is trying to be communicated. The usage of verbal and non-verbal communication is important when working together in a team.Global virtual teams usually lack the ability to rely on these communication adroitness because of their reliability on technology in order to communicate and therefore it is difficult to build cohesiveness and trust within the team. Zakaria et al. , states that Technology is simply a tool that needs human operations, no matter how sophisticated the technology can be, the implementation of technology has the potential to fail if insufficient considerations are given over from the user perspectives (p. 19). This brings up the topic of what is appropriate and what is not when communicating to and within global virtual teams.In the majority of information and communicated technology-mediated environments where team members are dispersed geographically and are culturally diverse, the usual form of communication is electronically, and the preferred language of use is English. Studies have shown that native and non-native English speakers exhibit culture-based differences in meanings of terminology, structure and format. A key example of this is the usage of terms and slang. When members use terms and slang words, the intended meaning can be obscured due to cultural differences and can hinder knowledge management and effectiveness.Another sphere for potential conflict in information communication is the actual language itself. For those teams that use English, individuals need to be aware of the English language variation in intra-team electronic communication. This particularly pertains to the tone, style, formality, salutations and closings and that they need to be aw are that there are substantial sociolinguistic and grammatical variations within the global English-speaking community and will have a significant impact on intra-team communications.In order to successfully facilitate the cross-cultural collaboration and communication, the team members must be aware of these subtle differences and acknowledge them when relaying organizational messages. Since the use of electronic communication technology has the capacity to reduce or overcome certain cultural challenges within a global virtual team, these forms of technologies can facilitate intra-team interaction. It also introduces a shared-framework, a virtual work setting that can build intra-team respect, trust, reciprocity and positive individual and group relationships.Therefore, understanding the communication and behavioral differences when communicating electronically to the team members can put the team in the position to work through the challenges that lie within a global virtual team. The Importance of Developing Trust For global virtual teams, building trust is one of the essential factors in growth a successful team. Since global virtual teams consist of many cultures that make up the entity as well as a geographically dispersed entity, there is a high risk of potential misunderstandings and mistrust.So the question that many virtual teams face is how to develop trust. Many researchers contend that in order to develop trust, a group must facilitate face to face interactions in order to build trust. These face to face interactions allow people to relate to each other or click as many of the new generation say. However, this may not have enough grounds to develop strong trust within a team if the members do not understand each other and/or the nature of the team itself.As Roberts observed, the development of trust, whether on a local or international basis, requires more than face to face contact or its technological and spatially indifferent substitute video-c onferencing ellipses, trust depends on the sharing of a set of socially embedded values, cultural institutions and expectations (Roberts, 2000, p. 6). In order for global virtual teams to be effective, there must be intra-group trust as well as trust between management and team members and vice versa. Jarvenpaa, S. L. , and Leidner, D. E. 1999) infer that virtual teams have no time to gradually develop trust and therefore require a high distributor point of swift trust to be demonstrated by enthusiastic and proactive team members behaviors. So how do cross-cultural members form swift trust? Jarvenpaa and Leidner suggest that the virtual team members would import the expectations of trust from other settings that they are familiar with. It is also important to note that if an individual team members cultural stereotypes are flawed, biased or incomplete, this technique may be problematic.Once communication is developed between members, trust could be maintained by actions that are hi ghly dynamic, proactive and enthusiastic. Such active communication must be premised on accurate cultural knowledge to be effective. Therefore swift trust is made possible because when cross-cultural teams work in a virtual environment, they bring their knowledge, competence and expertness not only to meet the goals that are set but also about the other team members and their cultures in order to ensure the success of the team.Not only is this necessary for the members of the team but it also necessary for the leaders of the team to establish this swift trust. As noted from Zakaria and Leidner, there are both behavioral categories that form cross-cultural trust. First, credibility where one individual believes that the other individual has the capabilities, competence, expertise and resources to make a successful exchange that meets expectations. Note that when working in cross-cultural teams, the work expectation of a person in culture A is different from the expectations of a per son in culture B.This can be challenging in implementing swift trust in global virtual teams, but it can be overcome if the expectations are set by the managers or leaders and are clearly communicated to all team members. The second factor that Zakaria and Leidner discuss is benevolence, the beliefs about the emotional aspects of the referents behavior like positive intention to exchange. These beliefs include a referents good will so that they would put down in the better good of the team rather than jeopardize the exchange outcome. This may result in some challenges to the team because swift trust does not focus a lot on interpersonal relationships.Rather it places more emphasis on the initial broad social structures. Therefore in order for swift trust to be implemented successfully, team members must maintain a high train of actions, regardless of their cultural preferences and differences. But team members should also appreciate, understand and respect the cultural differences that make up the team in order to truly succeed in a global virtual team. expiration Through research of many articles and publishings regarding the topic of communication in global virtual, building trust has been the one subject that has been consistently addressed. Mockaitis, A. I. , Rose, E. L. nd Zetting, P. (2009) suggest that the development of trust in the context of multicultural global virtual teams is related to aspects of culture, conflict, task interdependence and communication. A team whose members are more collective in nature rather than distant tend to report more positive results of developing trust within the group, this implies that culture matters. It is important for all team members to understand and respect the cultures of the other individuals. Although team members personal cultural values have consistent predictive power it is suggested that it displays very little value in developing trust within the group.Initially since communication amongst the team is done virtually and not face to face, it is important to establish trust among the group. But as the team develops the factors for cultural differences and diversity tend to become less important to the success of the group. The findings of Mockaitis et al. , show that cultural diversity does not appear to serve as a barrier to trust, even as differences become apparent through communication, but it can play a crucial role in developing that trust. Therefore along with cultural differences, communication is extremely important for the development of trust within a global virtual team.

De Motivation And High Staff Turnover Commerce Essay

De Motivation And High Staff Turnover Commerce EssayIn this as propertyment as per question I am going to reap the motivation , one-third different motivational theories and I choose Ryanair which is struggling by the demotivation of his faculty and the utmost staff turnover .Motivation is gentleman psychological characteristic which shows the level of commitment towards a particular goal. Motivation shows that how employee think about his rent out, if he is propel than productivity level bequeath be high. Motivation linked with morale as hale ,if the morale is high it shows employees undertaking satisfaction and they ar dedicated and hard-core for their doings. But if morale is depressive disorder it results measly productivity, absenteeism, and the high staff turnover. In some another(prenominal) words performance mainly be on motivation.job performance= motivation +abilityContemporary views on motivationin this section we willing be discuss about the three motiv ation theories which faeces be a substanti all toldy fount for the managers who are struggling with the rugged motivation of staff and the high staff turnover and these theorise can help to learn how to impress the staff .we are now going to talk about three types of theorises-1. Need surmise2 Expectancy guess3 Reinforcement possibilityNeed possibilityNeed theory of motivation was developed by Mas suffering which elementary entirelyy focuses on the basic take of a person. It tells us that a person first motivated for food, wages, and shelter. This theory also explains that a person is motivated when he didnt get a certain level of satisfaction in his life. For example a claw cannot be motivated for his class if he didnt take breakfast. According to this theory when a person fits his basic needs he move to next one.For example- a person who dont encounter basic things for selection like food, shelter so his first priority will be food .After fulfilling the basic needs he will looks for job security, protection , love belongings ,then he motivate himself to his self-esteem where he look for his status in society and in arranging where he is working and living .This theory shows us that a person cant be a motivator himself his needs didnt force him to motivate ..CUserssanjuDesktopMaslows_Hierarchy_of_Needs.svg.pngExpectancy TheoryThis theory was given by victor vroom. harmonise to this theory e trulybody has his own remand and his own set of objective .and they can motivate themselves only when they think that at that place is some confederacy between performance and efforts.if this performance results favourable for them and its satisfy the special needs so they can confuse efforts worthwhile.this theory contains more practical solutions rather than other theories .We can understand this by a scenario that in a five star hotel tow marketing agents are on promotion stage for a marketing managers job.mike who has a healthful-be welcomed mark eting results in whole year and he always gets a good appraisal and good performance result .but he is little bit confuse to accept this job because this job requires a lot travel,long hours working shifts ,more stress,and target pres veritable .but in another stead paul wants this job as hale.paul is also had a good results in last year he improve himself.and he think that he is a suaitable view for this job .now check to Expectancy theory paul is a suitable candidate for this job because he is motivated for the promotion and in another side mike is not motivated to get promotion.This theory is contains reversiable carry through it means when you put whatever action different outcomes came these outcomes maybe positive or ostracise or .for example in any organisation when people do over clip and hardwork .for this outcome came with lucre raise,promotions,or new skills but in negative approach they didnt get time to their social lifeManagers can implement this theory in a s everal way.Managers must make sure that workers should increase their performance level to achive their goals.The dedicated workers must be reward as per their performanceReinforcement TheoryThis theory was given by BF Skinner and his associates . this theory is based on law and effect .this theory says that rewarded behavior should be repeated once again and again .but individuals behaviour which has a negative approach should not be repeated . this theory is the strong regularity to control or manage the individuals behaviour .Positive reinforce used to gave a positive repartee for an individual who shows a appropriate behaviour for example- when you ask your any employee to cover some other employees shift who is not coming because of sickness.and your employee has their own plan but you ask him and he ready to work do immediately praising .or any of your employee is very nice to customer exactly reward him on the spot that you done a great job.Negative reinforce or punishme nt is for unsuitable behaviour which is not suppose to be at the work place for example-any of your employee was rude to the customers .he must be punished or should be issued a warningWhen implement reinforcement theory managers make sure that do not reward all empoloyees in a same manner .they should tell everybody that you did well this section but not here .In this section I will be describe Ryanair motivation problem in all cabin crew and ground staff atoms .rayanair is a cheapest air lane in Europe .according to deputy general of irish trade union ,Ryanair has a very high staff turnover in all part like pilots cabin crews, and the ground staff.its just because that all the employees deport to pay some money for company for their own uniforms,meals,and information session. Instead of this company have to pay for them for everything and provide traning.Because of this many of employees left the job and now they have to recruit the new peoples, so they recruit peoples from t he agencies ,and they were not good .after that they ask pilots that pay for their retraining . A cabin crew portion of Ryanair writes comment on a website where he wrote Ryanair does not care about its cabin crew and just takes the most they possibly can squeeze out of us. After a twelve hour daylight without a break, I dont have the energy to be nice to passengers or check that my nail complicate is still on. Come on Ryanair start valuing what we do because without us you could not fly.The Ryanair cabin crew member are not nice with passenger , we can see why thses are not loyal with them in the statement of a crew member on website . because the employees work hard but they are not treat as per their performance . they do the long shifts without any break because of this they become very stressed and it make them rude with their passengers .because of this there is a high staff turn over and Ryanair losing more passenger and its totally depend on staff motivationAccording to Taylors scientific management theory people motivate by money in other words wages or salary .but in Ryanair compare to their employees hard work ,long shifts and the working enviorment , wages and salary are not good which they deserve for .its true that Ryanair is a low cost respiratory tract but many other low cost carriers are not facing this type of staff turnover and their employees are getting good pay.Ryanair boss have to be understand that without any dedicated and smart employees they will be no more in this industry and without any break working in long shifts is inhuman and paying for their uniforms ,food and even for training when you earning a less is not acceptable .For this problem ryanairs human resource department should follow the Maslows hierarchy of needs theory as I mention before that if rayanair will fulfil the basic needs of the employees like good wages ,friendly working environment ,and good training and exploitation .the employees will be motivated to work and it will good for companys reputation as well as employees morale and after that they can serve in good manner for passengers.Selection and recruitment processIn this section I will describe that what the process should be follow at the time of recruiting people.Recruitment and selection process should be done in a proper way because recruiting a treat person can be harmfull for orgnistion to increase cost,labour turnover,and demotivating the morale of the exiting employeesShortlisting when company invite applications for any job there are a lot application and the CV send by candidates . the first procedure is shortlisting according to the requirements of the job, education and skills of a candidate .Forms of assessments for some jobs candidates may ask for a written test or making a presentation .its depend on the job profile .for example- for a engineer comport a technical exam should be take to know about the candidates knowledge .Interview the bearing of conductin g the interview is to know more about the candidate ,to know about the ability to do the job and to get some personal tuition.Reference checks this is the most important part of the selection process .which information you gathered from interview beside from this you can get information form reference check to insure the suitable candidate is hired .you can also verify the information which you got from interview Basicly effective employment depend on the recruitment and selection process. If you follow the appropriate process and you find a suitable candidate to perform the job according to the needs of the job .it will be a good sign for organisation and for candidate as well because person will be motivated and he will do the job in appropriate way .but if you choose a wrong candidate it be a loss for company that targeting money for his training , high staff turnover ,and low staff morale for working employees and for candidate that he will be demotivate to got a another job .Your selection process should be fair enough because when you select candidates there should not be dissimilarity in the ground of sex, age ,religion or belief .it means you should provide a equal hazard to all .because if discriminate people your existing may be demotivate. And in another side if you continuously choosing the wrong candidates for the wrong job ,so they are leaving the organisation time to timeit can be bad impression of company in your employees or may be outside as well same like Ryanair they choose the simple way of selection,because of this they couldnt find the good candidates to perform the duties and then staff was demotivated and staff turnover was very high.For example- A five stat hotel choose a candidate who dont have any experience in hotel industry for a front office assistant job and the hotel gave him training and develop his personality in one year, now when the time came to take back the investment which hotel invest to give training and develop ment ,the candidate left the organisation because he think that there is no future for him in this organisation. It was just because of lack of motivation . it cost a lot for organisation in economically and its demotivate the existing staff membersSecond example- A airline appoint a crisp candidate as a cabin crew member and provide him a training by investing a lot of money but after sometime because of some reason airline transfer him in ground staff in a good position but because he was trained for cabin crew ,he dont know anything about the ground staff jobs.so his morale become low and he left the job and because of this airline lost a lot of money .and the other staff members demotivate.By these two example we can understand that by using a business method of selection ,we can minimise the cost of organisation to selecting people . And we can offer a right job for right candidate according to his skills ,interest, and ability .ConclusionFrom the above assignment i have con cluded that if any company is following the appropriate way of recruitment and selection as I wrote before ,there will be no motivation problem will be happen in the organisation and the managers can implement any motivation theory to motivate his staff. And to reduce the staff turnover, organisation must be fulfil the employees needs and give them right job for right person according to their ability and the performance level .Managers also must make sure that they provide appraisal to all employees time to time so they can check themselves as their performance basis .